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The development of the Cistercian Order in the twelfth century came as a product of a number of eleventh-century reforms. These reforms affected all strata of society, and they impacted the way in which medieval European Christians viewed themselves, their social, political, and theological structures, the world around them, and their relationship to the Christian narrative of salvation history and eschatology. The early Cistercians built their “new monastery” (novum monasterium) upon an apostolic foundation of austerity and poverty, informed by a “return” to the Rule of Benedict as the program for their daily ritual and liturgical lives. These Cistercians centered their monastic “way of life” (conversatio) around the pursuit of ascent into God, seeking to become “citizens among the saints and members of the household of God.” The language of twelfth-century Cistercian ascension theology drew from a number of scriptural motifs for its expression. For example, Bernard of Clairvaux described his monastery as the “heavenly Jerusalem” and his monks as “Jerusalemites”; Aelred of Rievaulx spoke of “living stones,” building up the Temple of Jerusalem and rising up as sacred incense; and Helinand of Froidmont exhorted his monks to climb the mountain with Christ and to raise up within themselves a Temple of “living stones,” becoming bearers of Christ like Mary, his holy mother. In the case of these and other Cistercian exegetes, the goal remained the same: by interpreting Christian scripture and tradition, Cistercian theologians sought to transform the monastery into a sacred space, bridging the gap between the human world and the realm of God, so that they, and their brethren, might ascend “as living stones built up, a spiritual house, a holy priesthood.”
Nursing homes are places of high complexity where staff, residents and the institution itself are in an interdependent, non-linear relationship. Therefore phenomena cannot be explained mono-causally and additively. The thesis focuses on the infuence of organizational characteristics on resident outcomes. These characteristics are limited by a number of internal and external infuences, such as legislation, economics, etc. This form of complex causality with its factors of equifnality, assymetry and conjunctural causation is the main reason why nursing homes are considered complex adaptive systems.
Organizational research has been aware of these methodological difficulties for many decades. However, the lack of a method capable of taking them into account has long led to a gap between theory and methods.
With the emergence and development of Qualitative Comparative Analysis by Charles Ragin in
1987, a way of closing this gap was found. The method is based on the principles of set theory and Mill's methods. With a synthesis of qualitative and quantitative elements, necessary and sufficent conditions for the emergence of an outcome are revealed through the analysis of a truth table. It is shown that although the method is already used in nursing science in several instances, it is still incomplete, erroneous, or not yet used in accordance with newest methodological developments in many places.
The own practical application shows that fundamental influences of organizational characteristics on the residents outcome "fall" can be demonstrated. The comprehensive organizational data from the research project "PiBaWü" were used for this purpose. However, the results also show that without the inclusion of person-intrinsic conditions no exhaustive solution can be found. In view of the high complexity of the phenomenon, this was to be expected. Nevertheless, the method offers decisive advantages for nursing science due to its possibilities to act with low data levels and smaller case numbers. At the same time, the need for theoretically sound assumptions also presents the discipline with obstacles.
As a catalyst for the lack of theory-building in recent decades, it can still have a stimulating effect and be seen as a real progress.
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Slavery or what many today generally refer to as human trafficking is one of the existential problems of man that have perdured across the centuries partly because it is highly a complex phenomenon that is international, national and local and secondly because of the huge economic gains associated with it. However, it is an economic enterprise devoid of ethics and morality affecting the most vulnerable in our societies and turning them into mere objects of labour and commercialisation. This egregious human enterprise is one of the most glaring signs of ethical and moral paralyses of our time. This paper therefore makes an in-depth and an objective exposition as well as analysis of this callous and monstrous evil that has robbed human beings of their rights, freedom and dignity for many centuries. It challenges the structures that nurture and sustain this obnoxious and existential evil in our societies and also brings to the consciousness of everybody the gospel message of Jesus Christ that has redeemed the entire humanity and set them free from the bondage of slavery to live as children of God with rights and dignity.
More so, this paper also highlights the various forms this evil of slavery has taken in different epochs, tracing its history and causes and at the same time drawing moral and ethical implications of the phenomenon based on the ethical assessment and examination of this nefarious evil both in the past and present eras. Finally, this paper suggests concrete steps that should be taken in order to adequately and significantly reduce and if possible prevent the further proliferation and perpetuation of the evil in the world.
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