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The publication shows the significance of certain conflicts in international politics, considers how conflicts are dealt with in the theological and philosophical tradition as well as the approaches to a constructive conflict culture and their political institutionalization. Finally, the author explains how soldiers can be part of such a constructive conflict culture.
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A longitudinal pilot study on stress-levels in the crowdsensing mHealth platform TrackYourStress
(2019)
Background: The mobile phone app, TrackYourStress (TYS), is a new crowdsensing mobile health platform for ecological momentary assessments of perceived stress levels.
Objective: In this pilot study, we aimed to investigate the time trend of stress levels while using TYS for the entire population being studied and whether the individuals’ perceived stress reactivity moderates stress level changes while using TYS.
Methods: Using TYS, stress levels were measured repeatedly with the 4-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), and perceived stress reactivity was measured once with the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale (PSRS). A total of 78 nonclinical participants, who provided 1 PSRS assessment and at least 4 repeated PSS-4 measurements, were included in this pilot study. Linear multilevel models were used to analyze the time trend of stress levels and interactions with perceived stress reactivity.
Results: Across the whole sample, stress levels did not change while using TYS (P=.83). Except for one subscale of the PSRS, interindividual differences in perceived stress reactivity did not influence the trajectories of stress levels. However, participants with higher scores on the PSRS subscale reactivity to failure showed a stronger increase of stress levels while using TYS than participants with lower scores (P=.04).
Conclusions: TYS tracks the stress levels in daily life, and most of the results showed that stress levels do not change while using TYS. Controlled trials are necessary to evaluate whether it is specifically TYS or any other influence that worsens the stress levels of participants with higher reactivity to failure.
This paper will present in broad strokes the professional lifespan and philosophical doctrine of Israeli educational philosopher Ilan Gur-Ze’ev (1955-2012). Major attention will be devoted to his articulation of the concept of “new antisemitism,” which seeks to capture the uniqueness of the contemporary form of antisemitism. Compared to “older” forms of antisemitism, which situated the Jews in opposition to western civilization, as its ultimate “other,” contemporary progressive thinkers identify “Jewishness” and Jewish ideas such a “chosenness,” “elitism” and “uniqueness,” as the innate evil embedded deep within the “suppressing, white, colonial patriarchy” of the Judo-Christian civilization. Thus, the redemption of the soul of the new progressive thinker from the historical sins of western civilization, involves cleansing it from its “Jewishness.” It also involves an attack on the physical representation of everything that is wrong in western civilization – the Jewish state.
Combating antisemitism is a young policy field with regard to structured state action. The article presents the relevance of combating antisemi-tism and its emergence as a decided state task in order to show exemplarily, using the Berlin model of combating antisemitism as an example, how it is concretely implemented in state action. Berlin is chosen for three reasons: First, the state of Berlin is the first and only federal state to have a cross-departmental concept for combating an-tisemitism. Second, the Berlin model is based on integrative cooperation between state and civil society agencies. Third, looking at Berlin allows for the perspective of interlocking different ver-tical differentiations of administration, since the state of Berlin is at the same time a large city, which with its twelve districts has administrative dimensions that correspond to those of other large German cities, in each case and in them-selves. In the absence of a federal comparative perspective, the focus of the article is descrip-tive-explorative.
"In the present study, we have examined in depth the portrait of Apollos in the writings of two New Testament authors - Paul and Luke - in order to highlight or approach the rhetorical-pragmatic implications they have for the authorial audience. Historical implications aside, or in addition to that, and despite the generational and generic (genre) difference between the two works, the effect of these two literary approaches on the figure of Apollos seems to have been aimed at bringing about a change in the audience’s perception."
This paper deals with the question, to what extent, in the German context, have biblical didactic implications and systemic requirements in religious education led to social inequality in heterogeneous classrooms. Based on four different case studies in elementary, middle, and vocational schools, an empirical insight is provided that sheds exploratory and descriptive light on the construction of reality in the context of biblical learning. The analysis clearly shows that physical as well as socialization-related limitations, structural and systemic conditions in the German school system, and also strangeness and existential irrelevance, are obvious barriers that prevent students in heterogeneous settings from accessing biblical learning. In the synopsis, with theological–pedagogical implications as well as didactical challenges, it becomes clear how necessary difference-sensitive Bible didactics in the context of heterogeneity and social inequality is. Finally, based on the empirical evidence of the analyzed case studies and the theoretical framings, concrete expectations for biblical learning in religious education, in relation to heterogeneity and social inequality, are highlighted.
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The following dissertation addresses the longstanding problem of religious language. The work begins by explaining the shortcomings of the various philosophical approaches to religious language, before ultimately presenting a novel concept of religious language built upon Richard
Rorty’s position of philosophical ironism. The freshly minted concept of ironic theology is further
unpacked as building from Rorty’s own understanding of contingent final vocabulary.
Section two shines a light on the ancestors of ironic thought by presenting an analysis of theologian Johann Gottfried Herder, as a proto-ironist figure. This point is argued based upon Herder’s own focus upon the historical contingency of language, as well as his potential to be read
as a pragmatic thinker.
Section three closes the dissertation by applying the theoretical framework of ironic theology to the on-going task of interreligious dialogue. Here it is argued that the principles of contingent language and philosophical humility can be applied as a grounds for maintaining healthy
dialogue.
This dissertation aims to shift academic theology beyond the realm of stale history-oriented theory and towards a variety of imaginative new forms of practical religious language and concepts.
Building the Plan of Saint Gall: A Living History Enterprise Back to the Roots of European Culture
(2009)
The Plan of Saint Gall is the oldest known medieval architectural drawing. Dating from the early 9th c., it depicts of a monastic compound. The plan itself was never realised to full extend in its time. In the present, a society called "karolingische klosterstadt e.V." is trying to build the plan in full scale at "Campus Galli" near Lake Constance, applying methods and tools of the Early Middle Ages. The article deals with the impact of such an enterprise in terms of living history and discusses a concept to train the labourers and craftsmen as costumed interpreters.
Objective: The current study explored the role of maternal depressive symptoms in the intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment and developmental psychopathology. Based on the sensitive window hypothesis, the effects of earlier versus later maternal depression symptoms on child development were analysed.
Method: Ninety-nine mother-child dyads, 65% of which had high-risk teenage mothers, participated in a longitudinal study with three assessments in the first 18 months of the child’s life (T1–T3) and a 4th reassessment (T4) at the child’s preschool age. Using serial mediation analyses, we tested whether the relationship between the mother’s own maltreatment history (Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire) and the child’s psychopathological outcome at preschool age was mediated in a causal effect chain by maternal depression in the first 2 years of life, by current maternal depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and by current maternal child abuse potential (Child Abuse Potential Inventory). The children’s emotional problems and externalizing symptoms were assessed at preschool age by parent or teacher Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ratings.
Results: The results indicated that especially later maternal depression mediated the relationship between maternal childhood maltreatment and negative developmental outcomes in the next generation. The effects of maltreatment type on maternal depression were rather nonspecific. However, mental abuse affected existing risk factors more directly over time compared to physical and sexual abuse. Additionally, the impact of early life maltreatment and maternal depression on child psychopathology varied by rater. The pathway to externalizing symptoms was significant only in teacher ratings and for the pathway to emotional problems only in maternal ratings.
Conclusions: The present findings suggest that early maternal depression followed by ongoing maternal depression plays a mediating role in the intergenerational cycle of maltreatment. Therefore, in the future, interventions should be offered at an early stage, but also extend well beyond the first 2 years of a child’s life, addressing maternal depression and trauma.
Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation with simultaneous electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) revealed an imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in depression. As adolescence is a developmental period with an increase in depression prevalence and profound neural changes, it is crucial to study the relationship between depression and cortical excitability in adolescence. We aimed to investigate the cortical excitability of the DLPFC in adolescents with depression and a dependency of the TMS-evoked potential N100 on the depression severity. 36 clinical patients (12–18 years of age; 21 females) with a major depressive episode were assessed twice in a longitudinal design: shortly after admission (T0) and after six weeks of intervention (T1). GABA-B-mediated cortical inhibition in the left and right DLPFC, as assessed by the N100, was recorded with EEG. Significantly higher depression scores were reported at T0 compared to T1 (p < 0.001). N100 amplitudes were significantly increased (i.e., more negative) at T0 compared to T1 (p = 0.03). No significant hemispheric difference was found in the N100 component. The correlation between the difference in depression severity and the difference in N100 amplitudes (T0–T1) obtained during stimulation of the left DLPFC did not remain significant after correction for testing in both hemispheres. Higher N100 amplitudes during a state of greater depression severity are suggestive of an E/I imbalance in the DLPFC in adolescents with an acute depressive episode. The N100 reduction potentially reflects a normalization of DLPFC over inhibition in association with decreased depressive symptomatology, indicating severity dependency.
Childhood adversity has been suggested to affect the vulnerability for developmental psychopathology, including both externalizing and internalizing symptoms. This study examines spontaneous attention biases for negative and positive emotional facial expressions as potential intermediate phenotypes. In detail, typically developing boys (6–13 years) underwent an eye-tracking paradigm displaying happy, angry, sad and fearful faces. An approach bias towards positive emotional facial expressions with increasing childhood adversity levels was found. In addition, an attention bias away from negative facial expressions was observed with increasing childhood adversity levels, especially for sad facial expressions. The results might be interpreted in terms of emotional regulation strategies in boys at risk for reactive aggression and depressive behaviour.
Die Debatte um ferngesteuerte und sogenannte "autonome" militärische Robotik hat auch zu neuen Anfragen, an das soldatische Ethos geführt: Sollen Soldatinnen und Soldaten auch Risiken tragen, die sie mit technologischen Mitteln leicht vermeiden könnten? Werden durch den Einsatz von Drohnen und autonomen Waffensystemen militärische Tugenden zugrunde gehen? Wie viel technologische Asymmetrie ist in einem Kampf noch akzeptabel? Bedarf es eines neuen Ethos der Ritterlichkeit für Soldaten? Der vorliegende Band versucht, in einer thematischen Auswahl den traditionellen Grundideen von Ritterlichkeit und militärischer Tugend, wie etwa Tapferkeit, nachzuspüren. Auch fragt er nach der ethischen Bedeutung dieser soldatischen Eigenschaften für gegenwärtige Konflikte.
This paper presents the ongoing development of HAnS (Hochschul-Assistenz-System), an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) designed to support self-directed digital learning in higher education. Initiated by twelve collaborating German universities and research institutes, HAnS is developed 2021–2025 with the goal of utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data in academic settings to enhance technology-based learning. The system employs AI for speech recognition and the indexing of existing learning resources, enabling users to search and compile these materials based on various parameters. Here, we provide an overview of the project, showcasing how iterative design and development processes contribute to innovative educational research in the evolving field of AI-based ITS in higher education. Notwithstanding the potential of HAnS, we also deliberate upon the challenges associated with ensuring a suitable dataset for training the AI, refining complex algorithms for personalization, and maintaining data privacy.
Nursing homes are places of high complexity where staff, residents and the institution itself are in an interdependent, non-linear relationship. Therefore phenomena cannot be explained mono-causally and additively. The thesis focuses on the infuence of organizational characteristics on resident outcomes. These characteristics are limited by a number of internal and external infuences, such as legislation, economics, etc. This form of complex causality with its factors of equifnality, assymetry and conjunctural causation is the main reason why nursing homes are considered complex adaptive systems.
Organizational research has been aware of these methodological difficulties for many decades. However, the lack of a method capable of taking them into account has long led to a gap between theory and methods.
With the emergence and development of Qualitative Comparative Analysis by Charles Ragin in
1987, a way of closing this gap was found. The method is based on the principles of set theory and Mill's methods. With a synthesis of qualitative and quantitative elements, necessary and sufficent conditions for the emergence of an outcome are revealed through the analysis of a truth table. It is shown that although the method is already used in nursing science in several instances, it is still incomplete, erroneous, or not yet used in accordance with newest methodological developments in many places.
The own practical application shows that fundamental influences of organizational characteristics on the residents outcome "fall" can be demonstrated. The comprehensive organizational data from the research project "PiBaWü" were used for this purpose. However, the results also show that without the inclusion of person-intrinsic conditions no exhaustive solution can be found. In view of the high complexity of the phenomenon, this was to be expected. Nevertheless, the method offers decisive advantages for nursing science due to its possibilities to act with low data levels and smaller case numbers. At the same time, the need for theoretically sound assumptions also presents the discipline with obstacles.
As a catalyst for the lack of theory-building in recent decades, it can still have a stimulating effect and be seen as a real progress.
The Münster dissertation was accepted by Bruno Schüller (1925-2007) in 1984. The author, Lucius Iwejuru Ugorji, was appointed Archbishop of Owerri in 2022. He is the president of the Nigerian Bishops' Conference. He published several works on moral theology since receiving his doctorate. Ugorji's doctoral thesis has received extraordinarily positive reviews from international experts. Nevertheless, a close reading reveals several problems concerning scientific ethics. This essay uses seven tables to document Ugorji's unacknowledged use of texts by other authors. Several passages are identical to popular reference works. Ugorji's book also contains numerous unacknowledged passages that can be found verbatim in an American dissertation published in 1935. In view of these facts, the research value of the Münster dissertation is open to discussion, as are the academic qualifications of its author.