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Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation with simultaneous electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) revealed an imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in depression. As adolescence is a developmental period with an increase in depression prevalence and profound neural changes, it is crucial to study the relationship between depression and cortical excitability in adolescence. We aimed to investigate the cortical excitability of the DLPFC in adolescents with depression and a dependency of the TMS-evoked potential N100 on the depression severity. 36 clinical patients (12–18 years of age; 21 females) with a major depressive episode were assessed twice in a longitudinal design: shortly after admission (T0) and after six weeks of intervention (T1). GABA-B-mediated cortical inhibition in the left and right DLPFC, as assessed by the N100, was recorded with EEG. Significantly higher depression scores were reported at T0 compared to T1 (p < 0.001). N100 amplitudes were significantly increased (i.e., more negative) at T0 compared to T1 (p = 0.03). No significant hemispheric difference was found in the N100 component. The correlation between the difference in depression severity and the difference in N100 amplitudes (T0–T1) obtained during stimulation of the left DLPFC did not remain significant after correction for testing in both hemispheres. Higher N100 amplitudes during a state of greater depression severity are suggestive of an E/I imbalance in the DLPFC in adolescents with an acute depressive episode. The N100 reduction potentially reflects a normalization of DLPFC over inhibition in association with decreased depressive symptomatology, indicating severity dependency.
Background
Reduced birthweight is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes later in life. Children of adolescent mothers are at higher risk for reduced birthweight. The current study aimed to identify the key risk factors affecting birthweight in a well-characterized sample of adolescent mothers to inform preventive public health efforts.
Methods
Sixty-four adolescent mothers (≤ 21 years of age) provided detailed data on pregnancy, birth and psychosocial risk. Separate regression analyses with (1) birthweight and (2) low birthweight (LBW) as outcomes, and pregnancy complications, prenatal care, maternal age, substance abuse during pregnancy, socioeconomic risk, stressful life events and the child’s sex as independent variables were conducted. Exploratively, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to investigate the quality of the discriminatory power of the risk factors.
Results
The following variables explained variance in birthweight significantly: prenatal care attendance (p = .006), pregnancy complications (p = .006), and maternal substance abuse during pregnancy (p = .044). Prenatal care attendance (p = .023) and complications during pregnancy (p = .027) were identified as significant contributors to LBW. Substance abuse (p = .013), pregnancy complications (p = .022), and prenatal care attendance (p = .044) showed reasonable accuracy in predicting low birthweight in the ROC analysis.
Conclusions
Among high-risk adolescent mothers, both biological factors, such as pregnancy complications, and behavioural factors amenable to intervention, such as substance abuse and insufficient prenatal care, seem to contribute to reduced birthweight in their children, a predisposing factor for poorer health outcomes later in life. More tailored intervention programmes targeting the specific needs of this high-risk group are needed.
Childhood adversity has been suggested to affect the vulnerability for developmental psychopathology, including both externalizing and internalizing symptoms. This study examines spontaneous attention biases for negative and positive emotional facial expressions as potential intermediate phenotypes. In detail, typically developing boys (6–13 years) underwent an eye-tracking paradigm displaying happy, angry, sad and fearful faces. An approach bias towards positive emotional facial expressions with increasing childhood adversity levels was found. In addition, an attention bias away from negative facial expressions was observed with increasing childhood adversity levels, especially for sad facial expressions. The results might be interpreted in terms of emotional regulation strategies in boys at risk for reactive aggression and depressive behaviour.
Objective: The current study explored the role of maternal depressive symptoms in the intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment and developmental psychopathology. Based on the sensitive window hypothesis, the effects of earlier versus later maternal depression symptoms on child development were analysed.
Method: Ninety-nine mother-child dyads, 65% of which had high-risk teenage mothers, participated in a longitudinal study with three assessments in the first 18 months of the child’s life (T1–T3) and a 4th reassessment (T4) at the child’s preschool age. Using serial mediation analyses, we tested whether the relationship between the mother’s own maltreatment history (Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire) and the child’s psychopathological outcome at preschool age was mediated in a causal effect chain by maternal depression in the first 2 years of life, by current maternal depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and by current maternal child abuse potential (Child Abuse Potential Inventory). The children’s emotional problems and externalizing symptoms were assessed at preschool age by parent or teacher Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ratings.
Results: The results indicated that especially later maternal depression mediated the relationship between maternal childhood maltreatment and negative developmental outcomes in the next generation. The effects of maltreatment type on maternal depression were rather nonspecific. However, mental abuse affected existing risk factors more directly over time compared to physical and sexual abuse. Additionally, the impact of early life maltreatment and maternal depression on child psychopathology varied by rater. The pathway to externalizing symptoms was significant only in teacher ratings and for the pathway to emotional problems only in maternal ratings.
Conclusions: The present findings suggest that early maternal depression followed by ongoing maternal depression plays a mediating role in the intergenerational cycle of maltreatment. Therefore, in the future, interventions should be offered at an early stage, but also extend well beyond the first 2 years of a child’s life, addressing maternal depression and trauma.
Background: The measures taken to contain the COVID-19 pandemic have led to significant changes in people’s daily lives. This paper examines changes in substance use during the first lockdown (March–July 2020) and investigates mental health burdens in substance users with increased consumption of alcohol, nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Germany compared to users with unchanged or reduced consumption. Method: In a cross-sectional online survey, 2369 people were asked about their mental health and their substance use during the first lockdown in Germany. Results: Of the participants, 28.5% increased their alcohol use, 28.8% their use of tobacco products, and 20.6% their use of THC-containing products during the pandemic. The groups with increased alcohol, nicotine, and THC use during the first lockdown reported more depressive symptoms and anxiety. Individuals who reported increased consumption of alcohol or nicotine were also more likely to experience loneliness and have suicidal thoughts and were more often stressed due to social distancing. Conclusion: Alcohol, nicotine and THC increased in a subgroup of consumers who reported to have more mental health problems compared to individuals who did not increase their consumption. This increased substance use could, therefore, be understood as a dysfunctional strategy to cope with negative emotions during the lockdown.
This paper will present in broad strokes the professional lifespan and philosophical doctrine of Israeli educational philosopher Ilan Gur-Ze’ev (1955-2012). Major attention will be devoted to his articulation of the concept of “new antisemitism,” which seeks to capture the uniqueness of the contemporary form of antisemitism. Compared to “older” forms of antisemitism, which situated the Jews in opposition to western civilization, as its ultimate “other,” contemporary progressive thinkers identify “Jewishness” and Jewish ideas such a “chosenness,” “elitism” and “uniqueness,” as the innate evil embedded deep within the “suppressing, white, colonial patriarchy” of the Judo-Christian civilization. Thus, the redemption of the soul of the new progressive thinker from the historical sins of western civilization, involves cleansing it from its “Jewishness.” It also involves an attack on the physical representation of everything that is wrong in western civilization – the Jewish state.
This thesis examines the topic of access to justice from a contrastive perspective and observes how the capability of taking advantage of the judicial system is ensured for people through
the lens of the Capability Approach. The question addressed here is whether the constitutional
right to education enables the surpassing of a certain capability threshold and thereby promotes access to justice.
This approach offers a broad perspective of the implications of constitutional rights to education, and interconnects it with ethical considerations of justice.
The thesis begins with a short overview of access to justice (2.) and how it relates to the Capability Approach (3.). This is followed by a conceptualized functionalist comparison of the German and Indian constitutional rights to education (4.). Subsequently, the implementation in practice is analyzed using the 4-A scheme developed by the United Nations (5.). The final segment relates to the capability threshold and utilizes the results of the comparison to establish guidelines for policymakers in the education sector (6.).
Overall, this thesis finds that achieving the capability of literacy, a major aspect of legal literacy, can ultimately lead to the promotion of access to justice.
Background
The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic not only threatens physical health, but also affects the mental health of people. Yet, health consequences of the pandemic do not affect all members of society equally. We therefore assessed the mental health burden of individuals who are at increased risk of severe illness from Covid-19 compared to individuals who are at low risk of severe illness during the first lockdown (March, 2020) in Germany. Furthermore, we investigated variables mediating the effect of being an individual at increased risk of serve illness on depression.
Methods
Adult German residents (n = 2.369) provided responses to a cross-sectional online survey about risk factors for of severe illness from Covid-19 and various aspects of mental health during the first lockdown in Germany. For data collection, standardized and validated self-report measures were used and for data analysis Mann-Whitney U-tests as well as regression and mediation analyses were performed.
Results
The results clearly show that the mental health burden is higher among individuals at increased risk of severe illness from Covid-19 compared to individuals at low risk of severe illness from Covid-19. Moreover, our findings indicate that the association between Covid-19 risk status and depressive symptoms is mediated by concerns about mental health, anxiety and loneliness in a causal effect chain.
Conclusions
Individuals at increased risk of severe illness from Covid-19 have an increased need for psychosocial support during times of lockdown. Future public health policies should pay special attention to these individuals and support them by targeted offers. More research, however, is needed on possible long-term consequences of social distancing on mental health.
In order to make justice work, participation and reconciliation is needed within and between societies, peoples, and nations. In this compilation, authors - senior academics as well as students from Bethlehem University, Israel, and the Catholic University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany – contribute to this important field. Thus, to some extent, the book in itself is an example of the subjects it deals with.
The publication shows the significance of certain conflicts in international politics, considers how conflicts are dealt with in the theological and philosophical tradition as well as the approaches to a constructive conflict culture and their political institutionalization. Finally, the author explains how soldiers can be part of such a constructive conflict culture.
Education institutions in European immigration societies must struggle with a lot of challenges. About one-third of the refugees are school-age children and youth. Every third child has a migration biography and many of the refugee and displaced children and youth come from Arabic countries. They bring along their various religious affiliation and culture into secular societies formerly molded by Christianity. This situation requires a lot of special accommodations for educational institutions like schools, kindergarten, and religious communities. Besides language barriers and being mindful of their traumatic experiences, educational actors need to be sensitive in particular with intercultural and interreligious conflict situations, anti-Semitic or Islamophobic positions and radicalization tendencies of cultural and/or religious identity.
The background for this topic is provided by the experiences of children and youth, who give us an insight into the clash of different religions and cultures in immigrant educational systems, into the significance of faith, the complexity of hybrid identities, but also the experience of being subaltern. That there is the importance of religious literacy for coping with the impacts of migration in educational work in schools, churches and religious communities will finally be discussed.
The focus of this research is on the early acquisition of English as a
foreign language in primary schools in Austria and Norway. The aim of
this study was to find out the di!erences between the two countries
in the acquisition of English as a foreign language with regard to the
two curricula and the pedagogical concepts in primary school. Within
the framework of qualitative research, five interviews were conducted
with Austrian teachers and five interviews with Norwegian teachers
who teach English in primary schools. The data were analysed with the
help of qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. The results
of the guided interviews demonstrate the importance of the topic and
the di!erence in weighting that English has in both countries. In Norwegian
primary schools, English is taught as an independent subject.
This is considered an uno"cial main subject due to the low prevalence
of the Norwegian language. In Austrian primary schools, English has
the status of a compulsory exercise subordinate to that of an independent
subject and is taught using a curriculum with content dating
from 1998. Pedagogical concepts that emphasise the importance of
stress-free, fun-filled instruction emerged as commonalities between
the two countries.
"In the present study, we have examined in depth the portrait of Apollos in the writings of two New Testament authors - Paul and Luke - in order to highlight or approach the rhetorical-pragmatic implications they have for the authorial audience. Historical implications aside, or in addition to that, and despite the generational and generic (genre) difference between the two works, the effect of these two literary approaches on the figure of Apollos seems to have been aimed at bringing about a change in the audience’s perception."
Photovoice as a participatory method: impacts on the individual, community and societal levels
(2020)
We present the visual data collection method called “photovoice” in participatory research, and discuss its impetus for change and its possible impacts on work with different groups of people. Using three case examples
from PartKommPlus – Research Consortium for Healthy Communities, we report our experiences from joint research involving adults with learning difficulties and young people. Following the Photovoice Impact Model of
CATALANI and MINKLER (2010), we assigned the observed impacts to three categories: the individual, community and societal levels. In line with the model, we discuss the contribution that the photovoice method can make to the
individual empowerment of co-researchers, the understanding of community needs and assets, and to changing social reality by influencing political and other key actors.
Combating antisemitism is a young policy field with regard to structured state action. The article presents the relevance of combating antisemi-tism and its emergence as a decided state task in order to show exemplarily, using the Berlin model of combating antisemitism as an example, how it is concretely implemented in state action. Berlin is chosen for three reasons: First, the state of Berlin is the first and only federal state to have a cross-departmental concept for combating an-tisemitism. Second, the Berlin model is based on integrative cooperation between state and civil society agencies. Third, looking at Berlin allows for the perspective of interlocking different ver-tical differentiations of administration, since the state of Berlin is at the same time a large city, which with its twelve districts has administrative dimensions that correspond to those of other large German cities, in each case and in them-selves. In the absence of a federal comparative perspective, the focus of the article is descrip-tive-explorative.
This study investigates the characteristics perceived by English language teachers for setting effective online collaborative writing task goals using task-based langugage teach ing (TBLT) and provides advice to English student-teachers to help them with designing their own online writing task goals in the future. Two rounds of online semi-structured focus-group interviews were conducted with eight interviewees, who were MSc TESOL students in UK universities. The acquired dataset was thematically analysed in order to answer the two research questions of this study. Based on the results from the first round of interviews, we extended the seven general characteristics included in the conventional SMARTER effective-goal-setting framework to adapt to both the online collaborative learning environment and using TBLT, by identifying extra characteristics, three of which were then determined as the key characteristics from the second round of interviews. Accordingly, the measures for implementing these three key characteristics are provided as advice to better realise the increasingly popular online collaborative learning methods using TBLT, hence enhancing the application of the findings to practice.
Although he was a major figure in the early development of the Cistercian movement, liturgical veneration for St. Stephen Harding (†1134) seldom took place in the Middle Ages. Legends rarely discuss him. But in the Early Modern Period, he was "discovered" and credited more and more with being the sole author of the Carta Caritatis, although there were certainly other authors. This article shows how Stephen's personality was assessed differently from one era to the next.
Dieser Artikel erforscht, wie ein Forschender Lernansatz auf mehreren Ebenen als Prozess von partizipativer Aktionsforschung in der Schulentwicklung genutzt werden kann. Der Lernprozess findet im Klassenzimmer mit Schülerinnen und Schülern statt, aber auch bei den Lehrkräften selbst sowie, nicht zuletzt, beim unterstützenden außerschulischen Forschungsteam. Bei diesem Prozess sollen auf all diesen Ebenen gewisse Kriterien zur Entfaltung gebracht werden, die für forschende, partizipative Lernarrangements typisch sind. Das Ziel der Studie ist es, jene Parameter zu finden, die forschendes, partizipatives Lernen begünstigen, sowie spezifische Methoden zu identifizieren, die Lehrkräfte in ihren Unterrichtsstunden dafür tatsächlich einsetzen. Dies wird einerseits durch die quantitative Analyse von Daten untersucht, die die Lehrkräfte in ihren Klassen bei ihren Schülerinnen und Schülern sammelten, und andererseits durch die qualitative Analyse von Leitfadeninterviews des unterstützenden Forschungsteams mit acht Lehrkräften. Die Analysen der Daten zeigen, dass eine fundierte Kenntnis der Theorie zum Forschenden Lernen, die Unterstützung des Forschungsteams, die Teilnahme der Lehrkräfte an schulinternen Lerngemeinschaften und vor allem auch das Vertrauen, das Lehrkräfte in die Fähigkeiten ihrer Schülerinnen und Schüler haben, eine zentrale Rolle bei der Effektivität des forschenden, partizipativen Unterrichtsansatzes spielen. Es zeigt sich, dass professionelle Refexion und Analyse der Aktivitäten im Unterricht schließlich neue, vertiefende Zyklen von Aktionsforschung auslösen, den Prozess der partizipativen Aktionsforschung dadurch vorantreiben und letztlich in einen Schulentwicklungsprozess münden.