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Among the Latin Church Fathers, there was a widespread understanding of divine eternity as timelessness, while time as we know it was regarded to be relative to the existence of material or at any rate mutable entities, to, that is, the existence of creatures. Now if we suppose that God has also created (or might have created) purely spiritual beings or an initially unformed matter, one may wonder how these relate to time – to our time – as well as to the timeless eternity of their creator. This is an edition, translation and extended commentary of two short texts by Ralph of Battle, an intimate of Saint Anselm, concerning this very problem: a “sentence” from Jerome, and a treatise setting out a theological position which according to Ralph some have taken in the wake of Jerome’s testimony. Ralph’s rendering of the position in question is contextualized by looking at his other works and comparing Ralph’s and Jerome’s lines of reasoning to that of Augustine, who considers the issue in various works without, however, feeling able to settle the matter conclusively.
The mobile phone app, TrackYourStress (TYS), is a new crowdsensing mobile health platform for ecological momentary assessments of perceived stress levels.
Objective: In this pilot study, we aimed to investigate the time trend of stress levels while using TYS for the entire population being studied and whether the individuals’ perceived stress reactivity moderates stress level changes while using TYS.
Methods: Using TYS, stress levels were measured repeatedly with the 4-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), and perceived stress reactivity was measured once with the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale (PSRS). A total of 78 nonclinical participants, who provided 1 PSRS assessment and at least 4 repeated PSS- 4 measurements, were included in this pilot study. Linear multilevel models were used to analyze the time trend of stress levels and interactions with perceived stress reactivity.
Results: Across the whole sample, stress levels did not change while using TYS (P=.83). Except for one subscale of the PSRS, interindividual differences in perceived stress reactivity did not influence the trajectories of stress levels. However, participants with higher scores on the PSRS subscale reactivity to failure showed a stronger increase of stress levels while using TYS than participants with lower scores (P=.04).
Conclusions: TYS tracks the stress levels in daily life, and most of the results showed that stress levels do not change while using TYS. Controlled trials are necessary to evaluate whether it is specifically TYS or any other influence that worsens the stress levels of participants with higher reactivity to failure.
(JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019;7(10):e13978) doi: 10.2196/13978