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Background Health information systems have developed rapidly and considerably during the last decades, taking advantage of many new technologies. Robots used in operating theaters represent an exceptional example of this trend. Yet, the more these systems are designed to act autonomously and intelligently, the more complex and ethical questions arise about serious implications of how future hybrid clinical team–machine interactions ought to be envisioned, in situations where actions and their decision-making are continuously shared between humans and machines.
Objectives To discuss the many different viewpoints—from surgery, robotics, medical informatics, law, and ethics—that the challenges of novel team–machine interactions raise, together with potential consequences for health information systems, in particular on how to adequately consider what hybrid actions can be specified, and in which sense these do imply a sharing of autonomous decisions between (teams of) humans and machines, with robotic systems in operating theaters as an example.
Results Team–machine interaction and hybrid action of humans and intelligent machines, as is now becoming feasible, will lead to fundamental changes in a wide range of applications, not only in the context of robotic systems in surgical operating theaters. Collaboration of surgical teams in operating theaters as well as the roles, competencies, and responsibilities of humans (health care professionals) and machines (robotic systems) need to be reconsidered. Hospital information systems will in future not only have humans as users, but also provide the ground for actions of intelligent machines.
Conclusions The expected significant changes in the relationship of humans and machines can only be appropriately analyzed and considered by inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration. Fundamentally new approaches are needed to construct the reasonable concepts surrounding hybrid action that will take into account the ascription of responsibility to the radically different types of human versus nonhuman intelligent agents involved.
The following dissertation addresses the longstanding problem of religious language. The work begins by explaining the shortcomings of the various philosophical approaches to religious language, before ultimately presenting a novel concept of religious language built upon Richard
Rorty’s position of philosophical ironism. The freshly minted concept of ironic theology is further
unpacked as building from Rorty’s own understanding of contingent final vocabulary.
Section two shines a light on the ancestors of ironic thought by presenting an analysis of theologian Johann Gottfried Herder, as a proto-ironist figure. This point is argued based upon Herder’s own focus upon the historical contingency of language, as well as his potential to be read
as a pragmatic thinker.
Section three closes the dissertation by applying the theoretical framework of ironic theology to the on-going task of interreligious dialogue. Here it is argued that the principles of contingent language and philosophical humility can be applied as a grounds for maintaining healthy
dialogue.
This dissertation aims to shift academic theology beyond the realm of stale history-oriented theory and towards a variety of imaginative new forms of practical religious language and concepts.
Mobile apps are increasingly utilized to gather data for various healthcare aspects. Furthermore, mobile apps are used to administer interventions (e.g., breathing exercises)to individuals. In this context, mobile crowdsensing constitutes a technology, which is used to gather valuable medical databased on the power of the crowd and the offered computationalcapabilities of mobile devices. Notably, collecting data withmobile crowdsensing solutions has several advantages comparedto traditional assessment methods when gathering data overtime. For example, data is gathered with high ecological validity, since smartphones can be unobtrusively used in everyday life. Existing approaches have shown that based on these advantages new medical insights, for example, for the tinnitus disease, can be revealed. In the work at hand, data of a developed mHealth crowdsensing platform that assesses the stress level and fluctuations of the platform users in daily life was investigated. More specifically, data of 1797 daily measurements on GPS and stress-related data in 77 users were analyzed. Using this data source, machine learning algorithms have been applied with the goalto predict stress-related parameters based on the GPS data of the platform users. Results show that predictions become possible that (1) enable meaningful interpretations as well as (2) indicate the directions for further investigations. In essence, the findings revealed first insights into the stress situation of individuals over time in order to improve their quality of life. Altogether, the work at hand shows that mobile crowdsensing can be valuably utilized in the context of stress on one hand. On the other, machine learning algorithms are able to utilize geospatial data of stress measurements that was gathered by a crowdsensing platform with the goal to improve the quality of life of its participating crowd users.
A longitudinal pilot study on stress-levels in the crowdsensing mHealth platform TrackYourStress
(2019)
Background: The mobile phone app, TrackYourStress (TYS), is a new crowdsensing mobile health platform for ecological momentary assessments of perceived stress levels.
Objective: In this pilot study, we aimed to investigate the time trend of stress levels while using TYS for the entire population being studied and whether the individuals’ perceived stress reactivity moderates stress level changes while using TYS.
Methods: Using TYS, stress levels were measured repeatedly with the 4-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), and perceived stress reactivity was measured once with the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale (PSRS). A total of 78 nonclinical participants, who provided 1 PSRS assessment and at least 4 repeated PSS-4 measurements, were included in this pilot study. Linear multilevel models were used to analyze the time trend of stress levels and interactions with perceived stress reactivity.
Results: Across the whole sample, stress levels did not change while using TYS (P=.83). Except for one subscale of the PSRS, interindividual differences in perceived stress reactivity did not influence the trajectories of stress levels. However, participants with higher scores on the PSRS subscale reactivity to failure showed a stronger increase of stress levels while using TYS than participants with lower scores (P=.04).
Conclusions: TYS tracks the stress levels in daily life, and most of the results showed that stress levels do not change while using TYS. Controlled trials are necessary to evaluate whether it is specifically TYS or any other influence that worsens the stress levels of participants with higher reactivity to failure.
Following Michael Lipsky's well‐known argument that policy is made in the daily encounters between street‐level bureaucracy and citizens, a growing body of research emphasizes that actors and organizations delivering social and labor‐market policy play a crucial role in welfare‐state politics. Using qualitative data collected at three local employment agencies in Germany, this article explores worker‐client relations as a crucial mechanism through which activation policies are translated into practice. The analysis investigates how caseworkers define their role and their relationships with clients. The findings show that it is essential for caseworkers to achieve client compliance. In such a context, building relationships of trust is a strategic instrument in overcoming possible barriers to co‐operation in the caseworker‐client interaction. Caseworkers develop strategies to create the impression of trustworthiness and to motivate both unemployed clients and employers to become trust‐givers in the caseworker‐client relation. While research has often stressed the dichotomy between disciplining and enabling elements of activation policies, our explorative study shows that persuasion and trust‐building are a further important dimension of the frontline delivery of activation policies. These strategies reflect the importance of emotional aspects of frontline work.
Die Debatte um ferngesteuerte und sogenannte "autonome" militärische Robotik hat auch zu neuen Anfragen, an das soldatische Ethos geführt: Sollen Soldatinnen und Soldaten auch Risiken tragen, die sie mit technologischen Mitteln leicht vermeiden könnten? Werden durch den Einsatz von Drohnen und autonomen Waffensystemen militärische Tugenden zugrunde gehen? Wie viel technologische Asymmetrie ist in einem Kampf noch akzeptabel? Bedarf es eines neuen Ethos der Ritterlichkeit für Soldaten? Der vorliegende Band versucht, in einer thematischen Auswahl den traditionellen Grundideen von Ritterlichkeit und militärischer Tugend, wie etwa Tapferkeit, nachzuspüren. Auch fragt er nach der ethischen Bedeutung dieser soldatischen Eigenschaften für gegenwärtige Konflikte.
The publication shows the significance of certain conflicts in international politics, considers how conflicts are dealt with in the theological and philosophical tradition as well as the approaches to a constructive conflict culture and their political institutionalization. Finally, the author explains how soldiers can be part of such a constructive conflict culture.
This paper takes up ongoing discussions on the inequality of educational opportunities and formulates a conceptual model to link separate lines of research. Our particular focus is on combining motivational and structural approaches into a mediation model that explains differences in academic achievement. In the literature, four main mechanisms of social reproduction are discussed. Two main pathways refer to (1) parents’ expectations regarding their children’s academic success and (2) replicating cultural capital through intra‐familial cultural practices. (3) Parents’ perception of children’s abilities depends on social position and is influential for expectations of success. (4) For all three pathways, we expect effects on students’ motivational characteristics, which in turn influence academic achievement. We test our conceptual model by structural equation modelling using longitudinal data from primary school students in Germany. Empirical evidence is in line with the assumptions in the model. Cultural reproduction and expectations of success can be seen as the key components of the model. However, both chains of reproduction are related to each other by parents’ perception of child’s ability, and their effects are mediated by child’s motivational characteristics.
Insights Europe 2018-1
(2018)
Vortrag bei der Generalversammlung 2018 von BETH (Bibliothèques Européennes de Théologie).
Es werden Charakter und Inhalt der sogenannten Kirchenkampfschriften beschrieben sowie das Projekt "Digitale Bibliothek des Kirchenkampfes" der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Archive und Bibliotheken in der evangelischen Kirche.
Religion, Migration and Educational Practice – Empirical, Postcolonial and Theological Perspectives
(2018)
Germany currently has the largest number of immigrants in Europe. This immigrant population represents a vast variety of ethnic and religious traditions. German society therefore, is currently facing urgent challenges presented by this very large, new, and diverse population. Issues such as enculturation, integration and participation into the “host”
communities are at the forefront of the public debates.
Insights Europe 2017-1
(2017)
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Insights Europe 2016-2
(2016)
Insights Europe 2016-1
(2016)
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Slavery or what many today generally refer to as human trafficking is one of the existential problems of man that have perdured across the centuries partly because it is highly a complex phenomenon that is international, national and local and secondly because of the huge economic gains associated with it. However, it is an economic enterprise devoid of ethics and morality affecting the most vulnerable in our societies and turning them into mere objects of labour and commercialisation. This egregious human enterprise is one of the most glaring signs of ethical and moral paralyses of our time. This paper therefore makes an in-depth and an objective exposition as well as analysis of this callous and monstrous evil that has robbed human beings of their rights, freedom and dignity for many centuries. It challenges the structures that nurture and sustain this obnoxious and existential evil in our societies and also brings to the consciousness of everybody the gospel message of Jesus Christ that has redeemed the entire humanity and set them free from the bondage of slavery to live as children of God with rights and dignity.
More so, this paper also highlights the various forms this evil of slavery has taken in different epochs, tracing its history and causes and at the same time drawing moral and ethical implications of the phenomenon based on the ethical assessment and examination of this nefarious evil both in the past and present eras. Finally, this paper suggests concrete steps that should be taken in order to adequately and significantly reduce and if possible prevent the further proliferation and perpetuation of the evil in the world.
The development of the Cistercian Order in the twelfth century came as a product of a number of eleventh-century reforms. These reforms affected all strata of society, and they impacted the way in which medieval European Christians viewed themselves, their social, political, and theological structures, the world around them, and their relationship to the Christian narrative of salvation history and eschatology. The early Cistercians built their “new monastery” (novum monasterium) upon an apostolic foundation of austerity and poverty, informed by a “return” to the Rule of Benedict as the program for their daily ritual and liturgical lives. These Cistercians centered their monastic “way of life” (conversatio) around the pursuit of ascent into God, seeking to become “citizens among the saints and members of the household of God.” The language of twelfth-century Cistercian ascension theology drew from a number of scriptural motifs for its expression. For example, Bernard of Clairvaux described his monastery as the “heavenly Jerusalem” and his monks as “Jerusalemites”; Aelred of Rievaulx spoke of “living stones,” building up the Temple of Jerusalem and rising up as sacred incense; and Helinand of Froidmont exhorted his monks to climb the mountain with Christ and to raise up within themselves a Temple of “living stones,” becoming bearers of Christ like Mary, his holy mother. In the case of these and other Cistercian exegetes, the goal remained the same: by interpreting Christian scripture and tradition, Cistercian theologians sought to transform the monastery into a sacred space, bridging the gap between the human world and the realm of God, so that they, and their brethren, might ascend “as living stones built up, a spiritual house, a holy priesthood.”
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This scientific work reflects experiences in school pastoral in South India using categories of relationships. The practice oriented background is the starting point of the reflection and its target is to provide a relational paradigm as an orientation for the practical work.
The work proceeds in three steps. First, the theological and anthropological foundations are laid for a relationship-oriented education. From there the requirements towards the qualification of "pastoral care-giver" are described.
God has revealed Himself as a relationship-willing God. In the Old Testament God chose a people to enter into a covenant with him and to guide it in a covenantal relationship through history. In Jesus Christ, he takes the initiative to remain as a fatherly covenant partner in dialogue with the individual and the people. Last reason is the Trinitarian God who is loving relationship in itself. The author works out the relatedness of the Holy Spirit to the people and shows its relevance for Pastoral care.
Man, created in the image of God endowed the capacity of and the desire for relationships, is placed on a way of life, with the task and inner longing to gradually unfold and shape the variety of relationships for which he has been created. This route is risky, dangerous, obstaculized and often unsuccessful, but also much gratifying when it succeeds. The development of dialogue and bounding is multidimensional: it entails the relationship with yourself (identity) with fellow human beings, with God and with the creation and the environment.
To help develop the diversified bonding network makes high demands on the "pastoral care-giver". His expertise grows out of his own being and reflected experience; it arises from his ability to work on his own relationship skills. Intellectual training is indispensible; it may complement, but never can replace the inner competence.
The author invites to rethink one´s own experiences of diverse relationships in the light of theology, anthropology and psychology. He encourages to blaze new trails by making new experiences in today's context.
Christliche Grundüberzeugung ist: Gott ist die Liebe und er hat nie aufgehört, seine Liebe den Menschen zu offenbaren. Er schuf die Menschen nach seinem Abbild und gab ihnen ein Herz, damit sie in einem Zustand kompletter Freiheit lieben können. Trotz all der rasanten Fortschritte und Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft und Technologie haben sich die Menschen immer wieder bemüht, den Schöpfer zu suchen, um seiner ewigen Liebe anzugehören. Dies ist der Grund zu sagen: „Wir sind geboren zu lieben und unsere Berufung ist, Gott zu lieben“. Diese einzigartige „göttlich-menschliche“ Beziehung der Liebe ist von Gott selbst durch Bundesschlüsse bestätigt worden. Der Mensch hat die privilegierte Position, Partner und Partnerin Gottes zu sein. Der Höhepunkt dieser Liebeskommunikation ist Jesus Christus. Dieser wiederum vertraute dieses Geschenk der Liebe Gottes der Menschheit durch seine Mutter Maria an. Durch ihre Gemeinschaft mit ihrem Sohn und durch ihre Zusammenarbeit mit ihm von der Verkündigung an bis zu ihrer Aufnahme in den Himmel, spielt Maria eine entscheidende Rolle, die Menschen mit der göttlichen Liebe zu vereinigen. Nachdem die gläubigen Christen erfasst hatten, dass Gott sie der mütterlichen Fürsorge Mariens anvertraut hat, begannen sie, alles, was ihnen gehörte, ihr anzuvertrauen. Sie glaubten an ihre mächtige Fürsprache und fingen an, durch verschiedene Formen der populären Frömmigkeit sich an Maria zu verschenken. Eine solche Form der totalen Hingabe an Maria war die Form einer Weihehandlung zu ihr und zu ihrem Unbefleckten Herzen.
Die Schönstatt-Bewegung, eine zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts entstandene religiöse Familie, ist stark marianisch geprägt. Die Marienweihe in Form der Spiritualität des Liebesbündnisses ist für sie zentral. Durch das Liebesbündnis stellt man alles, was zum menschlichen und christlichen Leben gehört, Maria zur Verfügung und wird dadurch zum Partner Marias für die Durchführung ihrer Sendung in dieser Welt. Dieser Bündnisschluss mit Maria basiert grundsätzlich auf den biblischen Modellen des Gottesbundes. Deshalb zeichnet die Marienweihe in Schönstatt, nämlich das Liebesbündnis, der „gegenseitige“ Charakter der Marienweihe aus und unterscheidet sich dadurch von dem „einseitigen“ Charakter der Marienweihe in der traditionellen Praxis der katholischen Kirche.
Der Autor beginnt mit Konzept und Bedeutung von Weihe in den Weltreligionen. Anschließend bietet er einen historischen Überblick über Marienverehrung im Allgemeinen mit dem Schwerpunkt auf dem 20. Jahrhundert. Die historische Analyse der Marienweihen zählt eine Fülle von Heiligen und Theologen auf, die ihre Zuneigung zur Muttergottes durch eine besondere Form der Hingabe oder ein Gebet zum Ausdruck brachten. Schwerpunkte sind dabei Louis Marie Grignion de Montfort und die Erscheinungen in Fatima. Die Theologische Begründung von Marienweihe muss die kultische Verwendung von Konsekration berücksichtigen, wird aber im Blick auf Maria als Weihe an Christus und als Vertiefung des Taufbündnisses verstanden. Exemplarisch wird die kirchliche Tradition an der Weihe an das Herz Marias erläutert und anhand mehrerer in der Mariologie gebrauchter Titel für die Gottesmutter vertieft: Maria als Mittlerin der bzw. aller Gnaden in ihrer Beziehung zur alleinigen Mittlerschaft Jesu Christi; Maria als Miterlöserin; Maria als Ausspenderin aller Gnaden; Maria als allmächtige Fürsprecherin.
Im Hauptteil der Dissertation werden Originalität und Einzigartigkeit der Spiritualtät des Liebesbündnisses in der Schönstatt-Bewegung analysiert. Dabei geht der Autor von der Lebensgeschichte des Gründers P. Joseph Kentenich (1885-1968) aus, dessen Beziehung zu Maria zum Paradigma für die Schönstatt-Bewegung wurde. Aus den mariologischen Diskussionen der Zwischenkriegszeit um den Personalcharakter Marias kam Kentenich zur Antwort, Maria sei die „amtliche Dauergefährtin und Dauerhelferin Christi beim gesamten Erlösungswerk“. Das Liebesbündnis mit Maria sieht der Autor in der Heilsgeschichte grundgelegt und deutet es als Erneuerung des Taufbündnisses. Seine Originalität bekommt das Liebesbündnis durch die historische Verbindung mit dem Kapellchen in Schönstatt (Urheiligtum) sowie dessen Multiplizierung in den so genannten Filial-, Haus- und Herzensheiligtümern. Der bereits 1915 aufgetauchte Begriff des „Gnadenkapitals“ macht auf den gegenseitigen Charakter des Liebesbündnisses aufmerksam. Liebesbündnis ist, so die weitere Analyse des Autors aus den Schriften Kentenichs, trinitarisch und universell. Mit letzterer Dimension greift Kentenich wesentlich auf die Inspirationen Vinzenz Pallottis zurück.
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Effervescence in Q Studies
(2005)
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Building the Plan of Saint Gall: A Living History Enterprise Back to the Roots of European Culture
(2009)
The Plan of Saint Gall is the oldest known medieval architectural drawing. Dating from the early 9th c., it depicts of a monastic compound. The plan itself was never realised to full extend in its time. In the present, a society called "karolingische klosterstadt e.V." is trying to build the plan in full scale at "Campus Galli" near Lake Constance, applying methods and tools of the Early Middle Ages. The article deals with the impact of such an enterprise in terms of living history and discusses a concept to train the labourers and craftsmen as costumed interpreters.